NCERT Solutions
Reflect and Respond
I. Complete the given word web
Why is it important to learn how to read and write?
- To gain knowledge and information
- To become independent and self-reliant
- To communicate effectively with others
- To improve confidence and self-respect
II. Read the questions and share your answers
1. Which language(s) do your grandparents or elderly relatives speak?
My grandparents speak Hindi and their regional language. They are more comfortable communicating in their mother tongue than in English.
2. How do they spend their time? How do you spend time with them?
They spend their time reading religious books, watching television, and talking to family members. I spend time with them by listening to their stories, helping them with small tasks, and sometimes watching TV or going for walks together.
3. What is your favourite experience with them?
My favourite experience is listening to the stories they tell about their childhood and past experiences. These stories are interesting and also teach valuable life lessons.
4. What is something that the elderly in your family cannot do easily but enjoy watching you do?
They cannot use modern technology like smartphones or computers easily, but they enjoy watching me use them and often ask me to show them how things work.
VI. Match the highlighted words with their meanings
(i) protagonist → 7. main character
(ii) debate → 4. discussion
(iii) episode → 5. a part of a story
(iv) community → 3. people living in one particular area
(v) concentration → 6. focus
(vi) eagerly → 1. excitedly
(vii) convincing → 2. believable
(viii) guided → 8. directed
Check Your Understanding
I. Cause and Effect
1. Cause: The morning papers arrived late in the day and weekly magazines would come one day late.
Effect (i): The grandmother had to wait eagerly for the next part of the story and could not read it immediately.
2. Cause: The grandmother, Krishtakka, never went to school.
Effect (ii): She remained illiterate and had to depend on others to read stories for her.
3. Cause (iii): The grandmother enjoyed listening to the story regularly.
Effect: She was deeply interested in the story and discussed it with her friends.
4. Cause: The narrator went to a wedding for a week.
Effect (iv): The grandmother could not continue the story and felt helpless without someone to read it to her.
5. Cause (v): The grandmother could not read on her own.
Effect: She depended completely on her granddaughter for reading the story.
6. Cause: The grandmother regretted not going to school.
Effect (vi): She made sure that her children and grandchildren received proper education.
II. Do you think the narrator expected to see her grandmother in tears when she returned to the village? If yes, why? If no, why not?
No, the narrator did not expect this at all. She had always seen her grandmother as a strong and composed person who handled difficulties without showing emotion. Seeing her cry was unusual, which is why it surprised and worried the narrator.
III. How might the narrator help her grandmother to fulfil her desire to learn to read and write?
The narrator can help by patiently teaching her grandmother step by step, starting with the alphabet and simple words. She can set small, achievable goals, revise lessons regularly, and encourage her grandmother to practise daily. By staying supportive and consistent, she can build her grandmother’s confidence and help her become independent in reading and writing.
Check Your Understanding
III. State whether the following sentences are True or False
1. The grandmother wanted to learn the Kannada alphabet to gain independence.
True – Her main aim was to stop depending on others and be able to read on her own.
2. The grandmother asked someone in the village to read Kashi Yatre to her while the narrator was away.
False – She did not ask anyone else for help; instead, she realised her helplessness and decided to learn reading herself.
3. The narrator was the grandmother’s first teacher and taught her how to read Kannada.
True – The granddaughter took on the role of a teacher and patiently taught her grandmother from the basics.
4. The grandmother believed that there was no age limit for learning.
True – Her determination to study at an old age shows that she strongly believed learning can happen anytime.
5. The grandmother touched the narrator’s feet as a mark of respect for her as a teacher.
True – She did this on Dussehra to express gratitude and respect.
6. The narrator was disappointed with the progress her grandmother made in learning to read.
False – The narrator was proud and happy to see her grandmother’s dedication and improvement.
Critical Reflection
I Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
Extract 1 Solutions
(i) Complete the sentence:
The phrase ‘never seen her cry in the most difficult situations’ tells us that the grandmother was strong-willed.
Correct Answer: A. strong-willed
(ii) Complete the sentence:
Grandmother did not reply when the narrator asked if she was alright because she might have been too emotional to respond.
(iii) Identify the clue that indicates a rural setting with traditional customs.
The line describing them sleeping on the open terrace on a summer night under the full moon reflects a rural lifestyle and traditional way of living.
(iv) Which lines establish a tender atmosphere?
“Her affectionate hands touched my forehead.”
This line clearly shows warmth, love, and emotional closeness between the grandmother and granddaughter.
(v) Which aspect is NOT emphasised in the extract?
Correct Answer: C. the grandmother’s regret over her lack of education
This extract focuses more on emotions, concern, and bonding rather than directly discussing her regret about not being educated.
Extract 2 Solutions
(i) What does the grandmother’s statement, “I want to be independent,” reveal about her character?
Correct Answer: B. She desires self-sufficiency.
Her words show that she wants to rely on herself rather than depend on others for reading.
(ii) Fill in the blank:
The grandmother’s determination shows that learning has no age limit.
(iii) Complete the sentence with a suitable reason:
The narrator laughs at her grandmother’s decision to learn the alphabet at the age of sixty-two because she assumes that old age makes learning difficult and unnecessary.
(iv) List any two qualities displayed by the grandmother.
- Strong determination
- Positive attitude towards learning
(v) How can we say that the narrator is making assumptions about her grandmother?
The narrator judges her grandmother’s ability based on her age and physical appearance, thinking she cannot learn at that stage. This shows she underestimates her grandmother without considering her determination.
V. Answer the following questions
1. Why do you think the grandmother felt embarrassed to ask someone else to read to her while the narrator was away?
The grandmother likely felt uncomfortable asking others because she was conscious of her inability to read. Depending on someone else might have made her feel inadequate, and she preferred not to reveal her weakness openly.
2. Why does the narrator initially laugh at her grandmother’s determination to learn at the age of sixty-two?
The narrator laughs because she sees learning at such an advanced age as unusual and difficult. She assumes that her grandmother may not be able to cope with the effort required, and her reaction comes from this limited understanding.
3. What significance does the story of Kashi Yatre have in both the grandmother’s life and the story?
Kashi Yatre plays a crucial role as it sparks the grandmother’s desire to learn reading. Her interest in the story makes her realise how dependent she is on others, which becomes the turning point that motivates her to become literate.
4. What does the grandmother’s desire to learn the Kannada alphabet reflect about her?
Her desire shows that she is determined, self-aware, and eager to improve herself. It reflects her belief that learning is valuable at any stage of life and that independence is worth striving for.
5. What lessons can we infer from the grandmother’s action of touching the narrator’s feet?
This action teaches us the importance of respecting knowledge and the person who imparts it, regardless of age. It also highlights humility and the value of recognising a teacher’s role in one’s life.
6. What does the following line tell us about the broader theme of the story?
‘For a good cause if you are determined, you can overcome any obstacle.’
This line expresses the central idea that strong willpower and dedication can help a person achieve even difficult goals. It reinforces the theme that learning and growth are possible despite challenges.
7. How effectively does the story highlight the value of education in supporting personal independence?
The story presents this idea very effectively through the grandmother’s journey. Her transformation from dependence to self-reliance clearly shows how education builds confidence and allows individuals to take control of their own lives.
Vocabulary and Structures in Context
I. Binomials – Match the following
Correct Matches:
- sink or swim → (vii) succeed or fail without help
- on and off → (v) sometimes, occasionally
- mix and match → (i) put different things together to get a range of possibilities
- all or nothing → (viii) something to be done completely or not at all
- part and parcel → (ii) complete part of or belong to
- pick and choose → (iii) choose only the best (things, people, etc.)
- sooner or later → (iv) at sometime in the future
- leaps and bounds → (vi) increase or develop very quickly
-Use any five binomials in sentences
- sink or swim:
In the final exam, I had to sink or swim on my own without any help. - on and off:
It rained on and off throughout the day. - mix and match:
She likes to mix and match her clothes to create new styles. - part and parcel:
Hard work is a part and parcel of achieving success. - leaps and bounds:
With regular practice, his reading skills improved by leaps and bounds.
II. Prefixes – Form opposite/negative words
Column 1. Write the prefixed words in Column 2. One example has been done for you.
Correct Answers:
- popular → (i) unpopular
- belief → (ii) disbelief
- important → (iii) unimportant
- respect → (iv) disrespect
- correct → (v) incorrect
- continue → (vi) discontinue
- understand → (vii) misunderstand
- ordinary → (viii) extraordinary
- interesting → (ix) uninteresting
- possible → (x) impossible
III. Identify any five words with prefixes from the story and make sentences using each.
- unhappy (prefix: un-)
She felt unhappy when she realised she could not read the story on her own. - unusual (prefix: un-)
It was unusual to see her grandmother cry, as she was usually very strong. - unfortunately (prefix: un-)
Unfortunately, the grandmother had never been to school in her childhood. - irrespective (prefix: ir-)
She decided to learn reading, irrespective of her age. - independent (prefix: in-)
Her goal was to become independent and not depend on others for reading.
IV. Idioms Related to Learning – Match the following
Correct Matches:
- to hit the books → (iii) to study seriously
- to draw a blank → (v) to be unable to remember
- to learn the ropes → (vi) to understand how to do an activity
- to rack one’s brain → (ii) to think very hard
- to learn by heart → (i) to memorise something
- burn the midnight oil → (iv) to study or work late into the night
– Use the idioms in sentences
- to hit the books:
I need to hit the books before my exams begin next week. - to draw a blank:
When the teacher asked me the answer, I completely drew a blank. - to learn the ropes:
It took her a few days to learn the ropes of using the new software. - to rack one’s brain:
He had to rack his brain to solve the difficult maths problem. - to learn by heart:
We were asked to learn the poem by heart for the recitation. - burn the midnight oil:
She had to burn the midnight oil to complete her project on time.
V. Tenses – Simple Past & Past Perfect
(i) Fill in the blanks with simple past and past perfect tense form of the verbs given in brackets.
A. When the delegates arrived at the conference, the keynote speaker had already begun the session.
B. After the students had learnt how to identify fake news online, they started verifying information before sharing it.
C. Before Kiran started using digital payment platforms, she had ensured her understanding of online fraud prevention.
D. By the time Varun recognised the importance of budgeting, he had exhausted most of his savings.
E. When Raghu logged in to the cybersecurity webinar, the instructor had already discussed the importance of strong passwords.
(ii) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets.
Last year, my parents and I
A. took a financial planning course.
When we
B. reviewed our expenses, we realised we
C. had spent too much on unnecessary purchases.
After my parents
D. discussed ways to save, I
E. opened a savings account.
By the time we
F. set our budget, the course
G. had already introduced investment strategies.
We
H. hurried to take notes, but many participants
I. had completed their financial plans.
Despite that, we
J. enjoyed learning how to manage money wisely.
Listen and Respond
These answers are based on the transcript printed in the textbook appendix.
- Literacy these days includes the ability to use _.
Answer: digital tools - Digital literacy is also about protecting _.
Answer: personal data - Digital literacy enables the elderly to __.
Answer: stay connected - Digital literacy encourages using the internet safely by helping us recognise __ and ___.
Answer: misinformation, scams and cyber threats - The National Digital Literacy Mission helps people across the country by imparting __.
Answer: IT training
Speaking Activity
Topic 1: It is important to learn a new language apart from your mother tongue
‘For’ the topic
To begin with, I would like to speak for the topic. Learning a new language opens doors to new opportunities and helps us connect with people from different cultures. My first argument in favour of this idea is that it improves communication skills and broadens our thinking. Moreover, I feel that knowing more than one language increases confidence and helps in education and career growth. Most importantly, it allows us to understand different perspectives and traditions. So, to put it in a few words, learning a new language makes us more aware, capable, and open-minded.
‘Against’ the topic
On the other hand, there are two sides to this topic. I am pretty sure that learning a new language is not always necessary for everyone. If a person is comfortable and successful using their mother tongue, they may not feel the need to learn another language. Well, I am not sure whether you can really expect everyone to have the same interest or ability to learn multiple languages. Moreover, focusing too much on new languages might take time away from mastering other important skills. So, one can argue that learning a new language is useful, but not essential for all.
Topic 2: Learning can happen only when you are young
‘For’ the topic
To begin with, I would like to speak for the topic. There’s no doubt that children learn faster because their minds are more flexible and active. My first argument in favour is that young learners can easily grasp new ideas, languages, and skills. In addition to that, they have fewer responsibilities, which gives them more time to focus on learning. I strongly feel that early learning builds a strong foundation for the future. So, it can be said that youth is the best time for effective learning.
‘Against’ the topic
On the contrary, I have a reason to believe that learning is not limited to any age. There’s no doubt that adults can also learn if they are determined. If I could make a point here, experience often helps older people understand things more deeply. Moreover, many people successfully learn new skills later in life through practice and dedication. The idea that learning stops after a certain age is not true. So, to sum up, learning is a continuous process that can happen at any stage of life.
Writing Task
5, Hill View
Bangaluru
25 April 2026
The Editor
The Hindu Times
Bangaluru
Subject: Promoting Student Participation in Adult Literacy Camps
Sir/Madam,
This is with reference to recent reports highlighting the persistent issue of adult illiteracy in various parts of our country. As a concerned citizen, I would like to draw your attention towards the importance of involving students in adult literacy camps conducted by different organisations. Despite several efforts, a large number of adults still lack basic reading and writing skills, which affects their independence and quality of life.
The issue at hand affects a significant section of society and slows down overall development. It is imperative that students contribute to such initiatives, as they can play a meaningful role in spreading literacy. Such programmes not only help adults become self-reliant but also instil values like empathy, responsibility, and social awareness among students. By participating in these camps, students enhance their communication skills and gain real-life experience beyond the classroom.
A possible solution to this issue could be the integration of literacy programmes into school activities as part of community service. Authorities could consider organising awareness drives through schools, social media, and local communities to encourage more student volunteers. Incentives such as certificates or recognition may further motivate participation. I trust this matter will be considered seriously for the benefit of society, and I hope this letter gets published in the columns of your esteemed daily.
Yours truly
Sarthika
Learning Beyond the Text
Sample table using five Indian languages. (You can modify based on your class discussion.)
| Family Member | Kannada | Hindi | Tamil | Bengali | Marathi |
| Grandmother | Avva | Dadi/Nani | Paati | Thakuma/Didima | Aaji |
| Grandfather | Ajja | Dada/Nana | Thatha | Thakurda/Dadu | Ajoba |
| Mother | Amma | Maa | Amma | Ma | Aai |
| Father | Appa | Papa/Pita | Appa | Baba | Baba |
| Sister | Akka | Behen | Akka | Bon | Tai |
| Brother | Anna | Bhai | Anna | Bhai | Bhau |
Short Chapter Summary & Key Points
How I Taught My Grandmother to Read is a heartwarming autobiographical story by Sudha Murty that highlights the power of education and the emotional bond between a grandmother and her granddaughter. The story revolves around an elderly woman who feels helpless because she cannot read her favourite novel independently. Determined to overcome her limitation, she asks her young granddaughter to teach her how to read and write.
Set against the backdrop of a small village in Karnataka, the narrative shows how deeply literacy is connected to dignity and independence. Within a few months, through dedication and consistent effort, the grandmother learns the alphabet and eventually reads a complete book on her own. The story reaches an emotional peak when she touches her granddaughter’s feet as a mark of respect on the auspicious day of Dussehra, acknowledging her as her teacher.
Key Points:
- Education has no age limit; learning can begin at any stage of life.
- Determination and discipline can overcome any obstacle.
- Teaching is not restricted by age—knowledge can flow both ways.
- Literacy brings confidence, independence, and self-respect.
Author Biography & Literary Style
Sudha Murty is a renowned Indian author, educator, and social worker known for her simple yet impactful storytelling. She has written extensively in English and Kannada, focusing on themes such as education, values, rural life, and human relationships. Her works often draw from real-life experiences, making them relatable and emotionally engaging.
Style & Tone:
- Simple and lucid language: Murty uses clear, straightforward narration, making her stories accessible to readers of all ages.
- Emotional and inspiring tone: The narrative evokes empathy while subtly motivating readers to value education.
- Autobiographical realism: The story feels authentic because it is based on her personal experiences.
- Value-driven storytelling: Themes like respect, determination, and lifelong learning are central to her writing.
Background Influence:
Growing up in a traditional Indian setting, Murty often reflects cultural values and everyday realities in her work. In this story, she emphasises the importance of literacy in rural India and the dignity it brings, especially to older generations who missed formal education opportunities.
Detailed Explanation Part I
The narrator recalls her childhood in a village in North Karnataka, where life moved at a slower pace and facilities like transport were limited. Newspapers and magazines arrived late, so people eagerly waited for the bus that brought them. Reading material was rare and valuable, making its arrival a moment of excitement.
At that time, Triveni was a well-known Kannada author. Her writing was simple yet deeply engaging, often focusing on the emotional struggles of ordinary people. Even though she passed away young, her work continued to be admired for many years.
One of her novels, Kashi Yatre, was being published in parts in the magazine Karmaveera. The story was about an old woman who wished to visit Varanasi (Kashi), a place considered sacred. However, she sacrifices her dream and uses her savings to help an orphan girl get married. This shows that kindness and humanity are more important than rituals.
The narrator’s grandmother, Krishtakka, could not read because she had never been to school. Every week, the narrator read the story aloud to her. The grandmother listened with full attention and even memorised parts of it. She felt a deep connection with the main character and eagerly waited to know what would happen next. She would later discuss the story with her friends at the temple, showing her strong interest.
Once, the narrator went to attend a wedding in a nearby village and stayed longer than planned. During this time, the grandmother could not continue the story and felt helpless. When the narrator returned, she was shocked to see her grandmother crying, something she had never seen before.
That night, the grandmother shared her past. She explained how she lost her mother early and never got the chance to go to school, as girls’ education was not valued at that time. She got married young and remained busy with family responsibilities. Although she found joy in caring for her family, she always regretted not being educated. Because of this, she made sure her children and grandchildren received proper education.
Word Meanings (Contextual Glossary)
- transport system – the means of travel, slow and limited in the village
- convincing – making the story believable and engaging
- psychological problems – emotional struggles of the mind
- ardent desire – a very strong wish
- protagonist – the main character
- serial – story published in parts
- identified herself with – felt personally connected
- concentration – full attention
- debate – discussion with different opinions
- regret – feeling sad about something in the past
Literary Devices & Terms
- Allusion: Reference to Kashi and religious beliefs
- Characterisation: Grandmother shown as loving, emotional, and thoughtful
- Theme: Education, selflessness, emotional bonding
- Imagery: “summer night”, “full moon” create vivid visuals
- Contrast: Strong grandmother vs. her emotional breakdown
- Realism: Reflects real-life issues like lack of education for women
Detailed Explanation Part II
In this part, the narrator is confused when her grandmother begins sharing her feelings late at night. She notices that her grandmother, who is usually cheerful, looks deeply upset. When asked, the grandmother explains how, during the narrator’s absence, she received the weekly magazine Karmaveera but could not read the next part of Kashi Yatre. She felt helpless as she stared at the pages, wishing she could understand them. Although she could have asked someone else for help, she felt too embarrassed and realised how dependent she was on others. This made her question the value of money and comfort without independence.
This moment becomes a turning point. The grandmother firmly decides to learn reading and writing. She sets a clear goal—to be able to read a novel independently by the time of the Saraswati Puja during Dassara. Her determination is strong and inspiring, as she believes that age should not stop anyone from learning.
At first, the narrator laughs at her grandmother, thinking it is unrealistic for a sixty-two-year-old to start learning. However, the grandmother remains calm and confident. She expresses a powerful idea—that with determination, any obstacle can be overcome and that learning has no age limit.
From the next day, the narrator begins teaching her grandmother. The grandmother proves to be a dedicated and hardworking student. She practises regularly by reading, writing, and repeating lessons. The narrator, though young, becomes a teacher for the first time, while the grandmother becomes her first student. This role reversal highlights that learning and teaching are not limited by age.
When the festival of Dassara arrives, the narrator gifts her grandmother a copy of Kashi Yatre. In a touching moment, the grandmother touches the narrator’s feet as a mark of respect. This surprises the narrator because, traditionally, elders are respected by touching their feet. However, the grandmother explains that she is honouring her as a teacher, not just as her granddaughter. She believes that a teacher deserves respect regardless of age.
Finally, the grandmother reads the title of the book on her own, proving her success. The narrator feels proud and realises that her grandmother has truly achieved her goal. This moment symbolises victory, independence, and the power of determination.
Word Meanings (Contextual Glossary)
- embarrassed – feeling shy or uncomfortable asking for help
- dependent – relying on others for support
- independent – able to manage on one’s own
- determination – strong will to achieve something
- tuition – teaching given personally by someone
- recite – repeat aloud from memory
- taken aback – surprised or shocked
- tradition – customs followed over time
- irrespective – without considering differences like age or gender
- passed with flying colours – achieved success with excellent performance
Literary Devices & Terms
- Theme: Importance of education, self-respect, determination, independence
- Characterisation: Grandmother shown as determined, humble, and respectful
- Symbolism:
- Touching feet → respect for knowledge and teacher
- Reading the book → achievement and independence
- Contrast: Granddaughter’s doubt vs. grandmother’s confidence
- Climax: Grandmother touches narrator’s feet and reads independently
- Moral Insight: Learning is lifelong and gives dignity
Character Sketches
- Grandmother (Krishtakka / Avva)
| Trait | Evidence | Significance |
| Determined | Decides to learn reading at 62 | Shows strong willpower |
| Humble | Touches her granddaughter’s feet | Values knowledge above social hierarchy |
| Emotional | Cries when unable to read | Deeply aware of her limitations |
| Hardworking | Completes homework sincerely | Proves dedication overcomes age |
- Granddaughter (Narrator)
| Trait | Evidence | Significance |
| Supportive | Teaches daily without complaint | Encourages learning |
| Patient | Explains lessons repeatedly | Ensures understanding |
| Respectful | Gifts the novel on Saraswati Puja | Celebrates grandmother’s achievement |
Important Exam Questions (NEP 2020 ALIGNED)
Section A: Extract-Based Questions
Extract 1
“I felt so helpless. I could not even read a simple novel on my own. I decided that I would learn to read and write.”
Multiple Choice Questions
- The grandmother felt helpless because:
- (a) she was ill
- (b) she could not read ✓
- (c) she was alone
- (d) she was old
- The decision reflects her:
- (a) fear
- (b) determination ✓
- (c) confusion
- (d) anger
- The tone of the extract is:
- (a) humorous
- (b) regretful and determined ✓
- (c) casual
- (d) excited
- Which statement is correct?
- (a) She ignored the problem
- (b) She accepted her weakness
- (c) She decided to overcome it ✓
- (d) She blamed others
Very Short Answer
- What change in mindset is visible here?
The grandmother shifts from feeling helpless to becoming determined. She decides to take control of her situation rather than remain dependent on others.
Extract 2
“On Vijayadashami day, I made her read a few sentences. She was able to read slowly but correctly.”
Multiple Choice Questions
- This moment represents:
- (a) failure
- (b) success ✓
- (c) confusion
- (d) fear
- The word slowly suggests:
- (a) lack of ability
- (b) careful effort ✓
- (c) hesitation
- (d) disinterest
- Who is “I” in this extract?
- (a) A professional teacher
- (b) The granddaughter ✓
- (c) A friend
- (d) A neighbour
- This event highlights:
- (a) conflict
- (b) achievement ✓
- (c) confusion
- (d) failure
Very Short Answer
- What emotion is reflected here?
Pride and fulfilment. Both grandmother and granddaughter feel joy at this achievement—proof that dedication leads to success.
Section B: Short Answer Questions (40–50 words)
- Why did the grandmother feel ashamed?
The grandmother felt ashamed because she could not read the magazine on her own when her granddaughter was away. This dependence on others for something as basic as reading made her feel helpless and embarrassed about her lack of education.
- How did the granddaughter help her grandmother?
The granddaughter became her grandmother’s patient teacher. She taught her the Kannada alphabet daily, assigned homework, and encouraged her consistently. Her support transformed a sixty-two-year-old illiterate woman into an independent reader.
- What role did determination play in the grandmother’s success?
Determination was central to the grandmother’s success. Despite her advanced age, she set a clear deadline (Saraswati Puja), practised daily, and never gave up. Her strong willpower proved that sincere effort can overcome any obstacle.
- Why is this story relevant today?
This story remains relevant because many adults still lack basic literacy skills. It encourages lifelong learning and shows that education empowers people at any age—a core principle of modern education policies promoting adult literacy.
- What does the grandmother’s success symbolise?
Her success symbolises the triumph of determination over limitation. It demonstrates that education brings independence, self-respect, and dignity—values that transcend age, gender, or social circumstances.
- What message does the story convey?
The story conveys that learning has no age limit. With willpower and support, anyone can acquire new skills. It also highlights the importance of respecting teachers and the transformative power of education.
Section C: Long Answer Questions (120–150 words)
Extrapolation Questions
- A person learns a new skill at an old age. How is this similar to the grandmother’s journey?
Learning a new skill at an old age mirrors the grandmother’s journey in several ways. Both situations require overcoming self-doubt and societal expectations. The grandmother initially felt embarrassed about her illiteracy, just as an elderly person today might feel hesitant about learning technology or a new language.
The key similarity lies in the process: setting a goal, practising consistently, and refusing to give up despite challenges. The grandmother set Saraswati Puja as her deadline and worked diligently. Similarly, anyone learning a new skill must commit to regular practice.
Both journeys also demonstrate that age is merely a number. What matters is determination, patience, and access to supportive guidance. The grandmother’s success proves that the human capacity to learn never truly fades—it simply requires the courage to begin.
- Do you think learning should have an age limit? Explain with reference to the story.
Learning should never have an age limit, and the grandmother’s story powerfully illustrates this truth. At sixty-two, Krishtakka decided to become literate—an age when many assume learning is impossible. Yet she succeeded through sheer determination and consistent effort.
The story challenges the misconception that education belongs only to the young. The grandmother memorised lessons, completed homework, and practised daily, proving that cognitive abilities remain active throughout life when properly engaged.
The grandmother’s transformation from dependence to independence shows that learning empowers people regardless of when they begin. Her journey is a reminder that it is never too late to start.
Theme and Character Questions
- The grandmother is a symbol of determination. Discuss.
Krishtakka embodies determination throughout the story. Despite being sixty-two and having never attended school, she resolved to learn reading after experiencing the helplessness of illiteracy.
Her determination is evident in her systematic approach. She set a clear goal (reading independently by Saraswati Puja), maintained a disciplined routine (daily practice), and never let her age become an excuse. She completed homework diligently, repeated lessons, and gradually mastered the Kannada alphabet.
What makes her determination remarkable is its source: not external pressure, but internal desire for independence and dignity. She refused to remain dependent on others for something as fundamental as reading.
Her success on Vijayadashami—reading the novel’s title correctly—represents the triumph of willpower over circumstance. The grandmother proves that determination can overcome any limitation, making her an inspiring symbol for learners of all ages.
- Describe the relationship between grandmother and granddaughter.
The relationship between grandmother and granddaughter in this story is one of mutual respect, love, and role reversal. Traditionally, grandparents teach grandchildren, but here the roles switch—the twelve-year-old becomes the teacher.
The granddaughter demonstrates patience and dedication. She reads stories aloud every week, and later commits to teaching her grandmother daily. She never mocks the elderly woman’s struggle but instead encourages her progress.
The grandmother shows humility by accepting her granddaughter as a teacher. On Saraswati Puja, she touches the young girl’s feet—a profound gesture indicating that she values knowledge above social hierarchy.
This relationship illustrates that learning transcends age and conventional roles. The bond between them strengthens through the teaching process, with both gaining from the experience: the grandmother acquires literacy, while the granddaughter learns the joy of helping someone transform their life.
Section D: Case-Based Question (Competency-Based)
Scenario: A 60-year-old woman joins a literacy class in your neighbourhood.
- How is this similar to the grandmother’s story?
Both situations involve elderly women overcoming the fear of learning late in life. Like Krishtakka, this woman has recognised that literacy is essential for independence. Both require courage to admit their limitation and seek help.
- What qualities are required to succeed in such situations?
Success requires determination, humility, patience, and consistent effort. The learner must be willing to start from basics without embarrassment. A supportive environment—whether a patient teacher or encouraging peers—also plays a crucial role.
- What lesson can others learn from this?
Others can learn that age should never be a barrier to self-improvement. Every person deserves the dignity that education brings, and communities should encourage adult literacy by providing accessible, judgement-free learning opportunities.
Section E: Higher-Order Thinking Questions (HOTS)
Analytical Thinking
- The grandmother’s transformation is both emotional and intellectual. Analyse how both aspects are connected.
The grandmother’s transformation begins with a deep emotional experience and gradually leads to intellectual growth. When she is unable to read the magazine in her granddaughter’s absence, she feels so helpless and ashamed of depending on others even for reading a simple story. Her tears reflect not only sadness but also a painful awareness of her illiteracy. This emotional realisation becomes the turning point in her life.
Her transformation takes place through three important factors—realisation, determination, and support. First, she recognises her limitation and understands how dependence has affected her self-respect. Second, she shows strong determination when she declares, “I would learn to read and write myself.” Finally, she receives constant support from her granddaughter, who patiently teaches her every day. The grandmother sincerely ‘read, recite, and repeat‘ her lessons, showing discipline and commitment towards learning.
By the end of the story, the grandmother is emotionally stronger and intellectually independent. Her learning journey replaces shame with pride and dependence with self-respect. The story beautifully shows that emotional determination can lead to intellectual growth, while education can transform a person’s confidence and identity.
- Compare the grandmother at the beginning and end of the story. What factors led to this transformation?
| Beginning | End |
| Dependent on others to read | Reads independently |
| Feels helpless and embarrassed | Confident and proud |
| Illiterate | Literate |
At the beginning of the story, the grandmother is presented as loving and caring, but also uneducated and dependent on others for reading. Although she enjoys listening to Kashi Yatre, she silently carries the regret of never having gone to school. When her granddaughter is away and she cannot read the magazine herself, she feels deeply upset and powerless. This incident makes her realise how education is connected with dignity and independence.
By the end of the story, the grandmother emerges as a determined and self-reliant person. She successfully learns to read and write at the age of sixty-two and gains the confidence to read the novel independently. Her act of touching her granddaughter’s feet symbolises her respect for knowledge and her gratitude towards her teacher.
Several factors contribute to this transformation. The first is self-realisation, as she understands the limitations caused by illiteracy. The second is her strong determination to overcome this weakness. Finally, the granddaughter’s patient teaching and the grandmother’s disciplined habit to ‘read, recite, and repeat‘ help her succeed. Together, these factors transform her from a dependent listener into an independent reader.
3. The story highlights a shift from dependence to independence. Examine how this shift is developed.
The shift occurs gradually through specific events. Initially, the grandmother depends completely on her granddaughter for reading the magazine. Her granddaughter’s absence exposes this dependence painfully. The decision to learn marks the beginning of change. Daily practice represents the transition phase. Finally, reading independently on Vijayadashami completes the shift. Each stage builds logically upon the previous one.
Evaluation-Based Questions
- Was the grandmother’s decision driven more by self-respect or necessity? Justify your answer.
While necessity (wanting to know the story) triggered the decision, self-respect was the deeper motivation. The grandmother could have simply asked someone else to read. Instead, she chose to learn because she felt embarrassed about her dependence. Her statement about feeling “helpless” and wanting to be “independent” reveals that dignity—not just convenience—drove her decision.
2. “The granddaughter acts as both teacher and learner.” Evaluate this statement.
This statement is accurate. As a teacher, the granddaughter imparts the Kannada alphabet and guides her grandmother’s practice. As a learner, she discovers the value of patience, the joy of teaching, and the importance of respecting determination regardless of age. When her grandmother touches her feet, the granddaughter learns that knowledge deserves reverence. Both roles enrich her understanding of education’s true meaning.
Application-Based Questions
1. Imagine someone today who cannot use digital technology. How is their situation similar to the grandmother’s?
A person unable to use smartphones or computers faces similar dependence on others for tasks like online banking, booking tickets, or accessing information—much like the grandmother depended on others for reading. Both situations create feelings of helplessness in a world where these skills are assumed. The solution is similar: patient instruction, consistent practice, and a supportive learning environment.
2. If the grandmother had access to modern tools (mobile apps, audiobooks), would her journey have been different?
Modern tools might have accelerated her learning. Audiobooks could have provided the story without waiting for her granddaughter. Language-learning apps offer repetition and self-paced study. However, the core elements—determination and effort—would remain essential. Technology assists learning but cannot replace the learner’s commitment.
Assertion-Reason Questions
- Assertion: The grandmother valued education deeply.
Reason: She decided to learn reading despite her age.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation ✓
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
2. Assertion: The granddaughter plays a minor role in the story.
Reason: The grandmother learns independently.
(a) Both true
(b) Both false ✓
(c) A true, R false
(d) A false, R true
Explanation: The granddaughter plays a major role as the teacher. The grandmother does not learn independently—she requires daily instruction and guidance.
Section F: Language and Literature (Competency-Based)
Understanding the Author’s Style
The author uses simple, direct language rather than elaborate figurative expressions. This stylistic choice serves the narrative well.
Questions:
- Why has the author used simple language instead of figurative expressions?
Simple language makes the story realistic and relatable. The grandmother is an ordinary woman from a village, and straightforward narration reflects her world authentically. Excessive figurative language might distance readers from the emotional truth of her experience.
- What effect does the absence of elaborate figures of speech create?
- (a) exaggeration
- (b) realism and relatability ✓
- (c) humour
- (d) suspense
- Rewrite using a figure of speech: “The grandmother was eager to learn.”
“The grandmother’s eagerness to learn burned like a steady flame that nothing could extinguish.” (Simile)
- Compare these sentences:
- Sentence A: She was determined to learn.
- Sentence B: Her determination was like a flame that never faded.
Sentence B is more effective in literary contexts because the simile creates a vivid mental image. However, Sentence A suits this story’s realistic tone. The choice depends on the desired effect.
- Error Analysis: A student writes: “The sentence ‘She was like a child learning to read’ is a metaphor.”
Correction: This is a simile, not a metaphor. Similes use like or as to compare two things. A metaphor would state the comparison directly without these words (e.g., “She was a child discovering the world of words”).